Overview
Sudan’s civil war, entering its third year, has displaced over 14 million people, creating the world’s largest humanitarian and displacement crisis. The conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has led to widespread violence, famine, and infrastructure collapse. Recent drone attacks in Port Sudan and ongoing fighting in Darfur highlight the escalating crisis. International calls for peace, led by the United Nations and regional powers, face challenges due to foreign arms inflows and stalled negotiations.

Facts

• The current conflict began on April 15, 2023, between the SAF, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the RSF, led by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, in Khartoum.
• As of February 2025, 12.3 million people are displaced: 8.8 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 3.5 million refugees in neighboring countries, including 1.5 million in Egypt and 773,662 in Chad.
• Famine was declared in North Darfur’s Zamzam camp in August 2024, with 25.6 million people facing acute food insecurity.
• On May 8, 2025, RSF drone strikes hit SAF-controlled areas in Port Sudan, prompting civilian evacuations.
• The United Nations estimates 30.4 million people, over two-thirds of Sudan’s population, need humanitarian aid.
• Amnesty International reported in June 2024 that weapons from China, the UAE, Russia, and Turkey are fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo.
• Peace talks in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain have failed, with the RSF launching plans for a rival government in Kenya in April 2025.

Perspectives

• United Nations (Secretary-General António Guterres): “The only way to ensure the protection of civilians is to end this senseless conflict.” The UN calls for an immediate ceasefire, increased funding for $4.2 billion in aid, and an arms embargo to halt foreign weapon supplies.
• Sudanese Armed Forces (General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan): At the 78th UN General Assembly, al-Burhan urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization, blaming them for civilian attacks and looting.
• Rapid Support Forces (RSF Leadership): In Nairobi, February 2025, the RSF signed a charter for a post-war secular, democratic government, claiming their fight is for a unified Sudan free from SAF control.
• International Rescue Committee (Anne Marie Schryer, East Africa Advocacy Coordinator): “More words can no longer capture the catastrophic toll of this devastating conflict on over 30 million lives; the failure of diplomatic actors to respond effectively has allowed Sudan’s crisis to worsen beyond measure.” The IRC demands scaled-up humanitarian access and protection for civilians.
• Egyptian Government (President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi): Egypt, hosting 1.5 million Sudanese refugees, supports SAF leadership and calls for dialogue to prevent RSF dominance, citing regional stability concerns.
• Amnesty International: “The constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo.” Amnesty demands a UN Security Council arms embargo to curb civilian suffering.

Considerations

• The influx of 3.5 million refugees strains neighboring countries like Chad and South Sudan, risking regional instability if humanitarian aid remains underfunded.
• Foreign arms supplies from nations like the UAE, China, Russia, and Turkey exacerbate the conflict, necessitating accountability through international sanctions or embargoes.
• Failed peace talks highlight the need for a unified mediation framework, potentially led by the African Union and Egypt, to align regional powers.
• Famine and disease outbreaks, including cholera, underscore the urgency of unhindered humanitarian access to prevent further loss of life.
• Long-term displacement of 53% of Sudan’s children threatens educational and health setbacks, requiring sustained international investment in refugee integration.
• Short-term ceasefire agreements could stabilize aid delivery, while long-term political solutions must address power-sharing to prevent a partitioned Sudan.
• The crisis’s global neglect, overshadowed by conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza, risks prolonging Sudan’s collapse unless prioritized by major powers like the US and UK.

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